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The Mound-Builders |
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Henry Clyde Shetrone - 1930 |
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2010 Reprint Edition |
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The classic work on the Mound-Builders
of the United States by Henry Clyde
Shetrone. This work examines
earthworks and mounds from North Dakota
to Florida and Kansas to the East Coast.
The table of contents and list of
illustrations (below) give an insight
into the scope of this legendary
publication.
Our reprint features the full color
Mound-Builder plate as well as the full
size color foldout map of mound and
earthwork distribution of the Eastern
United States. |
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The
Mound-Builder |
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This life-size
figure, executed for the Ohio State
Museum, is the first known attempt to
portray scientifically the builders of
the ancient mounds as they appeared in
life. The sculptor, Erwin F. Frey,
effected the restoration by using an
actual skeleton from a Hopewell-culture
mound of Ohio and employing the scheme
of anatomical measurements evolved by
Dr. J. H. McGregor of Columbia
University. The facial features, as the
nose and lips, not being determinable by
such methods, were posed by a full-blood
Indian of the Pawnee nation.
Ornaments, implements, and wearing
apparel for the most part are replicas
of actual specimens found with mound
burials, as copper ear ornaments and
bracelets, necklace of fresh-water
pearls and bear teeth, copper axe,
pottery vessel, and flint implements.
The wearing of feathers in the hair and
of moccasin-like sandals is suggested by
vestiges of each found in place with
skeletons. The loin cloth is reproduced
from actual woven fabric with colored
designs accompanying mound burials.
The figure, intended to represent "The
Prehistoric Sculptor," is shown in the
act of fashioning with a flint implement
a human-effigy tobacco-pipe, of stone,
itself a replica of an actual mound
specimen. |
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Distribution of mounds and earthworks in
the eastern United States Red dots
indicate relative occurrence and
comparative distribution rather than
individual major remains. (click image
for enlarged view). |
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This 6-1/2" x 8-1/2", 530 page, soft cover, facsimile reprint
is
illustrated with 299 illustrations, full color
mound-builder plate and earthwork distribution
foldout map. $27.95
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Table of
Contents |
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I - EARLY THEORIES AS TO ORIGIN AND
IDENTITY
Speculations of the pioneers—Early
literature—Thomas Jefferson, pioneer
archaeologist—William Henry Harrison and
Caleb Atwater—The classical contribution of
Squier and Davis—Activities of the Bureau of
American Ethnology—Recent contributors
CHAPTER II - DISTRIBUTION AND
CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOUNDS
Diffusion of the mound-building
trait—The general mound area of the United
States—Cultural divisions of the general
mound area—Varieties and purposes of mounds:
burial, effigy, and domiciliary— Earthworks
and enclosures: defensive, ceremonial, and
anomalous
CHAPTER III - ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
Primitive architecture of native American
tribes—Structural achievements of the
Mound-builders—Magnitude of mound-building
operations—Construction and purpose of the
mounds—Use of stone in mound
construction—Stone burial vaults and stone
graves—Timber structures—Primitive
engineering in the mound area—Geometric
earthworks and their construction
CHAPTER IV - AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, AND
INDUSTRY
The mound-building peoples as
agriculturists—Corn, beans, squash, and
other food plants—Tobacco and its
cultivation—Agricultural implements and
methods—Prehistoric com fields and garden
beds— Commercial activities: trade, barter,
and exchange—Character and extent of
Mound-builder commerce—Primitive industry of
the mound area—The quarrying of flint and
other materials—The mining of copper, iron
ore, and other minerals—The quest for
fresh-water pearls —Minor raw materials—The
art of flint-chipping—Use of copper and
other metals—Utilization of stone, bone,
shell and wood—Pottery and
pottery-making—The textile arts: spinning
and weaving
CHAPTER V - THE MOUND-BUILDER BURIAL COMPLEX
The concept of a hereafter—Modes of
disposing of the dead—Burial in ordinary
graves and cemeteries—Mound interment and
its accompanying rites—The practice of
cremation—Sacrifices to the dead and to
deities—Human interest recorded in
burials—Human skulls as burial trophies
CHAPTER VI - THE MOUND-BUILDER AS AN ARTIST
The significance of native American
art—Distinctive phases of Mound-builder
art—Personal adornment and decoration—Pearls
and pearl necklaces—Art as a measure of
culture status—Depiction of the human face
and figure—Sculpture of bird and animal
forms—Realistic, symbolic, and conventional
designs—Engraving on bone—Cer-ramic
art—Pottery of Lower Mississippi
area—Ceremonial and problematical artifacts
CHAPTER VII - TOBACCO PIPES AND SMOKING
CUSTOMS
Primitive smoking a ceremonial
procedure—Smoking customs of the American
Indians—Calumets and the calumet
ceremony—The Mound-builder smoking
complex—Distribution and types of tobacco
pipes— Pipes as votive and sacrificial
offerings
CHAPTER VIII - THE OHIO AREA: I, ADENA AND
FORT ANCIENT CULTURES
The various cultures of the Ohio area—The
Adena culture and its characteristics^—The
Fort Ancient culture—Habitation sites of the
Fort Ancient culture—The Feurt mounds and
village site—Reconstruction of the life of a
Fort Ancient village—Primitive
industries—Cultivated and uncultivated food
products—Recreation and amusement—A burial
mound in the making—Primitive methods of
sanitation
CHAPTER IX - THE OHIO AREA: II, THE HOPEWELL
CULTURE
Extent of the Hopewell culture—Geometric
earthworks of the culture— Characteristics
of the Hopewell mounds—The Tremper Mound—
The Hopewell Group—The Mound City Group—The
Edwin Harness Group—The Seip Group—The
Turner Group
CHAPTER X - THE OHIO AREA: III,
FORTIFICATIONS AND EFFIGY MOUNDS
The great Fort Ancient—Other important
fortifications—The Great Serpent Mound—Other
effigy mounds
CHAPTER XI - THE OHIO AREA: IV, MARGINAL
SUBAREAS
Western Pennsylvania—Northwestern West
Virginia—Northeastern Kentucky—Eastern
Indiana
CHAPTER XII -A TOUR OF THE OHIO MOUND AREA
The Circleville works—Chillicothe, the heart
of the Mound-builder country—The Portsmouth
works—The Marietta works—The Newark
works—The Miami valleys—The Cincinnati
works—The Miamisburg and Enon mounds
CHAPTER XIII - THE GREAT LAKES AREA
Extent and characteristics of the area—The
State of New York—Northern Ohio—The State of
Michigan—The Province of Ontario
CHAPTER XIV - THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AREA: I,
WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND THE DAKOTAS
Mound-builder cultures of Wisconsin—The
effigy-mound culture—The Grand River
culture—The Cahokia culture at Aztalan—The
Hopewell culture in Wisconsin—Minor remains
in Wisconsin—Wisconsin archaeology—The State
of Minnesota—The State of North Dakota—The
State of South Dakota
CHAPTER XV - THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AREA: II,
NORTHERN ILLINOIS, IOWA, AND MARGINAL
DISTRICTS
Illinois archaeology—Mound-builder culture
of Illinois—The effigy-mound culture in
Illinois—The Hopewell culture in
Illinois—The Illinois or "bluff" culture—The
Mississippi River mounds of Illinois—Western
Indiana—Mound-builder culture of Iowa—The
Hopewell culture in Iowa—The effigy-mound
culture in Iowa—The Oneota culture— The Mill
Creek culture—The Algonquian culture in
Iowa—Iowa archaeology—Missouri, Kansas, and
Nebraska
CHAPTER XVI - THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI AREA: I,
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, WESTERN KENTUCKY AND
TENNESSEE, SOUTHERN MISSOURI, AND ARKANSAS
General characteristics of the Lower
Mississippi area—The Cahokia culture in
Illinois—Western Kentucky and Tennessee—The
stone-vault culture of Southern
Missouri—Artifacts of the Southern Missouri
region—"Garden Mounds"—Mound distribution in
Arkansas—Explorations in Arkansas of
Clarence B. Moore
CHAPTER XVII - THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI AREA:
II, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND
ALABAMA
The State of Louisiana—The State of
Mississippi—The Moundville culture of
Alabama—Other sites in Alabama
CHAPTER XVIII - THE TENNESSEE-CUMBERLAND
AREA
Extent and characteristics of the
area—Southwestern Indiana and southeastern
Illinois—The State of Kentucky—The State of
Tennessee— Northern Georgia—The Etowah
culture—Virginia and the Carolinas
CHAPTER XIX -THE PENNSYLVANIA AREA
The Archaeology of Florida—Explorations of
Clarence B. Moore—The northwest coast of
Florida—The west coast of Florida—Mounds of
northeastern Florida—The key-dweller culture
of southwestern Florida —Coastal mounds of
Georgia—Ancient shell mounds and shell heaps
CHAPTER XX - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Identity of the Mound-builders—Were the
Mound-builders Indians?— Indians as builders
of mounds—What became of the Mound-builders
—The native American race—Dispersal and
migrations on the American
continent—Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY |
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Illustrations |
The Mound-builder............Frontispiece
1. The Marietta Group of prehistoric
earthworks
2. Map of the Marietta works by General
Rufus Putnam, 1788
3. Page one of "references" accompanying the
Rufus Putnam map of the Marietta works, 1788
4. Page two of "references" accompanying the
Rufus Putnam map of the Marietta works
5. Map of Miami Fort
6. An early illustration of the ancient
burial mounds
7. The late Dr. William C. Mills
8. Map of mound distribution in the general
mound area
9. A typical conical mound
10. A typical effigy mound group
11. A typical fortification erected for
purposes of defense
12. A geometric earthwork
13. The most common type of Mound-builder
construction
14. Stone wall of a prehistoric
fortification
15. Stone wall of a burial room
16. A typical stone grave
17. Imprints of logs forming a timbered
structure in a Wisconsin mound
18. Prehistoric wattle-work
19. A prehistoric experiment in structural
engineering
20. The "Fairground Circle" of the Newark
works
21. A storage refuse pit
22. Mound-builder corn
23. Hoes made from mussel shells
24. Stone mortar
25. A prehistoric cornfield on the campus of
Carroll College, Waukesha, Wisconsin
26. Prehistoric garden beds near Oshkosh,
Wisconsin
27. A prehistoric flint quarry, Flint Ridge,
Licking County, Ohio
28. The penetration of a flint arrowpoint
29. The manufacture of flint arrowpoints
30. Obsidian flake and arrowpoint made from
it
31. Copper axe and hatchet
32. Chisels made from meteoric iron
33. The manufacture of a stone tobacco pipe
34. A Mound-builder pottery vessel
35. Textile fabrics from the Hopewell Group
36. Woven fabric from the Seip Mound
37. A cremated and an uncremated burial side
by side
38. A reburial or bundle burial
39. A group burial
40. A dry cave burial
41. An uncommon form of skeleton burial
42. A flexed skeleton burial
43. A stone cairn over a burial
44. Floor plan of the Kiefer Mound, Miami
County, Ohio
45. A log tomb burial
46. Urn burial
47. A typical crematory basin
48. A typical cremated burial of the
Hopewell culture
49. A crematory basin and a group of five
cremated burials
50. Ceremonial offering of flint disks
51. Marbles an ancient game
52. Human jaws as burial trophies
53. Woven fabric in colored designs
54. Strands of pearls from mound burials
55. Pendants made from bear teeth
56. Spool-shaped copper ear ornaments
57. Ear rings of chlorite
58. Copper finger rings
59. A copper breastplate
60. Curved headdress of copper
61. An elaborate headdress
62. Designs cut from mica
63. Necklace of fresh-water pearls
64. Restorations of terra-cotta figurines
from the Turner Group,Hamilton County, Ohio
65. Two of the terra-cotta figurines from
the Turner Group
66. Sculpture of a human head
67. Sculpture of a human figure
68. A sculptured sacred image
69. Pipes that are works of art
70. Mound art in sheet copper
71. The development of conventional designs
72. Double-headed eagle design in copper
73. Repousse designs of human figures in
copper
74. Copper plate bearing dancing figures
75. Mound-builder art in shell
76. An engraved stone disk
77. Engravings on human bone
78. Varied examples of mound art
79. A typical ceremonial vessel of the
Hopewell culture
80. Designs occurring on potteryware of the
upper and lower portions of the Lower
Mississippi
area
81. Typical pottery forms and decorations
from southern Alabama mounds
82. Scroll and circle design on potteryware
83. Bird and serpent design on potteryware
84. Earthenware bottle with sun pattern and
swastika in pigment
85. Pottery vessel in effigy of the human
head
86. Color ware of vase or bottle form
87. Ceremonial blades of obsidian and quartz
88. Ceremonial axes of copper
89. Conical and elbow types of pipes
90. An unusual type of pipe
91. An animal effigy pipe
92. Bird effigy pipe
93. Human and bird effigy pipes
94. An unusual effigy pipe
95. A typical platform pipe
96. Bird effigy pipe
97. Squirrel effigy pipe
98. A votive offering of tobacco pipes
99. Archaeological map of Ohio
100. The Miamisburg Mound
101. Excavation of one of the Feurt mounds,
Scioto County, Ohio
102. Circular fireplace of puddled clay
103. Stone celts or hatchet blades
104. Stone hand hammer
105. "Discoidals" or game stones
106. Flint arrowpoints
107. Flint knife blades
108. Stone tobacco pipes
109. A typical pottery vessel
110. Bone awls
111. Bone needle and bodkin
112. A double burial, Feurt village site
113. Map of the high bank works, Ross
County, Ohio
114. A circular enclosure of the Hopewell
culture
115. A typical Hopewell burial
116. An individual load of earth
117. Map of the Tremper Mound and earthwork,
Scioto County, Ohio
118. Model of the Tremper Mound
119. Exploring the Tremper Mound
120. Map of the Hopewell Group of
earthworks, Ross County, Ohio
121. The antlered king
122. A stone grave burial of the Hopewell
Group
123. A Hopewell burial accompanied by a
trophy skull
124. A double burial of the Hopewell Group
125. The grave of a master artisan
126. Ceremonial blades of obsidian from the
Hopewell Group
127. A novelty in noses
128. A design in mica from a Hopewell burial
129. A Hopewell crematory basin with
cremated burial
130. Map of the Mound City Group, Ross
County, Ohio
131. The center of the Mound City Group
132. Cross-section of a small Mound City
tumulus
133. The mica covering of a pretentious
burial
134. A mica-lined grave
135. Panorama of Mound City park
136. The central mound of the Seip Group,
Ross County, Ohio
137. Cross-section of the central Seip Mound
138. Multiple burial in the Seip Mound
139. A stone grave cremated burial in the
Seip Mound
140. Ceremonial axe of copper from the Seip
Mound
141. Map of Fort Ancient
142. Fort Ancient in winter
143. View from Fort Ancient
144. Map of Fort Hill, Highland County, Ohio
145. Map of Spruce Hill Fort, Ross County,
Ohio
146. Map of the Great Serpent Mound
147. Panorama of the Great Serpent Mound
148. Serpent Mound Park
149. Map of the "Alligator" or "Opossum"
Mound, Licking County, Ohio
150. Rock pictures near Barnesville, Ohio
151. Petroglyphs representing a bear
152. Floor plan of a mound with stone graves
near Monongahela City, Pennsylvania
153. Archaeological sites in Eastern and
Central Pennsylvania
154. A stone mound near Homestead,
Pennsylvania
155. Map of the Charleston Group, Kanawha
County, West Virginia
156. The Grave Creek Mound
157. Map of the Kentucky portion of the
Portsmouth works
158. A burial mound in a circular enclosure
159. The Whitehead Mound
160. A burial in the Whitehead Mound
161. Ancient works near Winchester, Indiana
162. Enclosure and Mound on White River,near
Winchester, Indiana
163. An early map of Circleville
164. Map of the Cedar Bank works, Ross
County, Ohio
165. Map of the Hopeton works
166. Map of twelve miles of the Scioto
Valley adjacent to Chillicothe, showing
frequency of
ancient works
167. Map of six miles of the Paint Creek
Valley, near Chillicothe, showing ancient
works
168. Map of the Seip Group
169. Map of the Harness Group
170. Map of the Portsmouth works
171. Marietta mound and cemetery
172. Map of the Newark works
173. The Flint Ridge district
174. Archaeological map of New York State,
showing location of mounds
175. Iroquois bone and antler objects
176. Typical clay pipes from New York
177. A typical Iroquois pottery vessel
178. Ancient fort in Madison County, New
York
179. A prehistoric earthen enclosure in
Wyoming County, New York
180. Maps of typical minor earthwork
enclosures of northern Ohio
181. Map of enclosures and mounds near
Norwalk, Huron County,Ohio
182. Map of the distribution of
archaeological sites in Michigan
183. Pottery vessels showing Hopewell
influence, from mounds near Grand Rapids,
Michigan
184. Mounds and earthwork on Clinton River,
MaComb County, Michigan
185. Pattern of prehistoric garden beds near
Kalamazoo, Michigan
186. Map of mound distribution in southern
and western Ontario
187. Map of Mound-builder culture areas in
Wisconsin
188. Various types of Wisconsin mound
189. Typical Wisconsin mound groups
190. Bundle burials in a mound of the Kratz
Creek Group, Wisconsin
191. Wisconsin bird effigy mounds
192. Wisconsin "turtle" mounds
193. Wisconsin animal effigy mounds
194. Rare "man" and intaglio forms of effigy
mounds
195. A Grand River culture burial
196. Map of the Aztalan ruins, Jefferson
county, Wisconsin
197. An Aztalan burial
198. A mound of the Nicholls Group,
Wisconsin
199. Uncovering a Hopewell burial in the
Nicholls Mound
200. Map of a group of mounds and earthworks
in Pipestone County, Minnesota
201. Map of mound distribution in eastern
South Dakota
202. Burial in a mound in Yankton County,
South Dakota
203. Boulder effigy of turtle, Hughes
County, South Dakota
204. The Hartford Beach Mound, Roberts
County, South Dakota
205. The Ogden Mound, near Lewiston,
Illinois
206. Section of the wall of a burial chamber
in the Ogden Mound
207. Burial in the Ogden Mound
208. Burial and portion of a crematory basin
disclosed in the Ogden Mound
209. Group of burials in the Dickson Mound,
Lewiston, Illinois
210. Map of the Welch Group, Brown County,
Illinois
211. Mound group near Peru, Iowa
2i2. Map of mounds and earthworks near New
Albin, Iowa
213. Mound of Fish Farm Group near Lansing,
Iowa
214. Linear mound of Yellow River Group,
Allamakee County, Iowa
215. Map of the heart of the Cahokia Group,
showing monks' mound at center
216. Monks' Mound, looking west
217. Some lesser mounds of the Cahokia Group
218. Uncovering the base of the James Ramey
Mound of the Cahokia Group
219. Artifacts from the Cahokia Group
220. Wall and doorway in a stone-vault
burial mound
221. Effigy and painted pottery from
southern Missouri
222. Elaborately carved shell gorget from
southern Missouri
223. Mound in Green County, Arkansas, riven
by the earthquake of 1911
224. Pottery vessel in effigy of the human
head from Pecan Point, Arkansas
225. Pottery vessel with death symbols from
Pecan Point, Arkansas
226. Conventional incised decorations on
pottery ware from Pecan Point, Arkansas
227. Pottery vessel in human effigy form,
from Rhodes Place, Arkansas
228. Pottery vessel with multiple handles
from Crittenden County, Arkansas
229. Teapot form of pottery vessel from Old
River Landing, Arkansas County, Arkansas
230. Polychrome water bottle from the Menard
Mound, Arkansas County, Arkansas
231. Pottery water bottles with incised
decorations from Glendora Plantation,
Louisiana
232. Colored water bottle from Keno Place,
Arkansas
233. Effigy pottery vessel with incised
decoration from Glendora Plantation,
Louisiana
234. Human effigy pipe of burned clay, from
Gahagan, Louisiana
235. Map of the Troyville mounds and
enclosure, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana
236. Mounds of the Troyville Group,
Catahoula Parish, Louisiana
237. Map of the Anna or Robson mounds, near
Natchez, Mississippi
238. Skull showing artificial frontal
flattening
239. The Avondale Group of mounds,
Washington County, Mississippi
240. Map of a prehistoric earthwork on
Sunflower River, Sharkey County, Mississippi
241. Incised decorations of the human head,
hands, and long bones on a pottery vessel
found
at Walls, Mississippi
242. Earthenware bottle or vase with incised
designs representing the human skull and
hands,
from a mound in Central Mississippi
243. Mound at Kulumi, Montgomery County,
Alabama
244. Map of the Moundville Group, near
Moundville, Alabama
245. Sun pattern designs of a pottery vessel
from Moundville, Alabama
246. Doubled composite bird design from
Moundville, Alabama
247. Skull, hand, and arm-bone design from
Moundville, Alabama
248. Skull, hand, and eye design from
Moundville, Alabama
249. Conventionalized hand design from a
pottery vessel from Moundville, Alabama
250. Ceremonial engraved copper object from
Moundville, Alabama
251. Engraved stone disk found near
Carthage, Alabama
252. Limestone effigy Taowl found at
Moundville, Alabama
253. Effigy bowl' carved from diorite found
at Moundville, Alabama
254. Ceremonial copper axe, Moundville,
Alabama
255. Eagle effigy pipe found at Moundville,
Alabama
256. Mound on Tallapoosa River, at Pakana,
Montgomery County, Alabama
257. Pottery bowl from Montgomery County,
Alabama
258. Human effigy pipe from a mound near
Carney's Bluff, Alabama
259. Burial urn containing skeletons of
infants
260. Map of a typical Kentucky earthwork
261. Burial in the Albee Mound, Sullivan
County, Indiana
262. Map of the Angel mounds and earthworks,
near Evansville, Indiana
263. Post holes outlining a house jui a
domiciliary mound near Trenton, Christian
County,
Kentucky
264. Exploring a shell mound in Green River,
Ohio County, Kentucky
265. A prehistoric cliff dwelling in
Kentucky
266. Earthenware water bottle found near
Louisville, Kentucky
267. Mound with moat and embankment near
Lexington, Kentucky
268. Burial casket of potteryware from
Hale's Point, Tennessee
269. Image of burned clay, from a stone
grave near Nashville, Tennessee
270. Lebanon Group, near Lebanon, Tennessee
271. Map of the De Graffenreid works,
Williamson County, Tennessee
272. Map of earthwork and mounds near Old
Town, Williamson County, Tennessee
273. Map of Stone Fort, near Manchester,
Tennessee
274. Potteryware decorated in colors, near
Nashville, Tennessee
275. Pottery vessels from mounds and stone
graves in Central Tennessee
276. Decorated pottery vase found near
Franklin, Tennessee
277. Engraved shell gorget from a mound on
the Cumberland River opposite Nashville,
Tennessee
278. Map of the Etowah Group near
Cartersville, Georgia
279. Stone human effigy tobacco pipe from
the Etowah Group
280. The Moorhead exploration party at work
in the Etowah Group
281. Ceremonial flint swords from the Etowah
Group
282. Pottery vessel decorated in colors,
from the Etowah Group
283. Monolithic stone axe from the Etowah
Group
284. Georgia urn burials
285. The T. F. Nelson Mound, Caldwell
County, North Carolina
286. Modification of urn burial, from Point
Washington, Florida
287. Florida pottery vessels with multiple
bowls and mouths
288. Unusual pottery vessel with human
effigy attached, from a mound in Calhoun
County,
Florida
289. Funerary vessel with perforations
indicating ceremonial "killing" ready made
290. Plummet-shaped ceremonial objects, from
a mound near Crystal River, Florida
291. Copper disk with symbolic excised
design suggesting Hopewell influence, from a
mound
near Crystal River, Florida
292. Miniature effigy potteryware from the
Thursby mound, Volusia County, Florida
293. Sand mound near Sharpes, Florida
294. Wooden figure-heads or masks from Key
Marco, Florida
295. Wooden objects from Key Marco, Florida
296. Wooden objects with artistic designs
from Key Marco, Florida
297. Mortuary vessel with skeleton of a
child, from a mound on St. Catherine's
Island, Georgia
298. Shell mound near Port Orange, Volusia
County, Florida
299. A burial mound of modern origin |
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